| Czas | Budowa |
|---|---|
| Present Simple | V / V+s |
| Present Continuous | am/is/are + -ing |
| Present Perfect | have/has + III |
| Present Perfect Cont. | have/has been + -ing |
| Past Simple | V-ed / II |
| Past Continuous | was/were + -ing |
| Past Perfect | had + III |
| Past Perfect Cont. | had been + -ing |
| Future Simple | will + V |
| Be going to | be going to + V |
| Future Continuous | will be + -ing |
| Future Perfect | will have + III |
| Typ | Budowa |
|---|---|
| 0 Fakt | If + Pres, Pres |
| 1 Realne | If + Pres, will + V |
| 2 Hipoteza | If + Past, would + V |
| 3 Żal | If + had III, would have III |
| Mixed | If + had III, would + V |
0: If you heat water, it boils.
1: If it rains, I will stay.
2: If I had money, I would travel.
3: If I had studied, I would have passed.
| Modal | Znaczenie |
|---|---|
| can / can't | umiem / nie umiem |
| could | mogłem, prośba |
| must | muszę (osobiście) |
| have to | muszę (obowiązek) |
| mustn't | nie wolno |
| don't have to | nie muszę |
| should | powinienem |
| may / might | być może |
Budowa: be + III forma
The room is cleaned every day.
The car was repaired yesterday.
The work will be finished tomorrow.
The report has been sent.
The problem must be solved.
Have sth done: I had my car repaired.
Cofamy czas o jeden:
"I am tired" → he was tired
"I work" → he worked
"I will come" → he would come
"I can help" → he could help
Krótkie: tall → taller → the tallest
Długie: beautiful → more → the most
good → better → the best
bad → worse → the worst
far → further → the furthest
Present Perfect – ważny skutek teraz, brak daty.
I have lost my keys. (nie mam ich)
Past Simple – podana data.
I lost my keys yesterday.
I suggest that he be informed.
It is essential that she arrive on time.
It's time we left.
I'd rather you didn't smoke.
Kolumny: bezokolicznik · Past Simple (II) · Past Participle (III) · tłumaczenie
| I | II | III |
|---|---|---|
| be | was/were | been |
| have | had | had |
| do | did | done |
| say | said | said |
| go | went | gone |
| get | got | got |
| make | made | made |
| know | knew | known |
| think | thought | thought |
| take | took | taken |
| see | saw | seen |
| come | came | come |
| give | gave | given |
| find | found | found |
| tell | told | told |
| become | became | become |
| leave | left | left |
| feel | felt | felt |
| put | put | put |
| bring | brought | brought |
| begin | began | begun |
| keep | kept | kept |
| hold | held | held |
| write | wrote | written |
| stand | stood | stood |
| hear | heard | heard |
| let | let | let |
| mean | meant | meant |
| set | set | set |
| meet | met | met |
| run | ran | run |
| pay | paid | paid |
| sit | sat | sat |
| I | II | III |
|---|---|---|
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| lie | lay | lain |
| lead | led | led |
| read | read | read |
| grow | grew | grown |
| lose | lost | lost |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| send | sent | sent |
| build | built | built |
| understand | understood | understood |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| break | broke | broken |
| spend | spent | spent |
| cut | cut | cut |
| rise | rose | risen |
| drive | drove | driven |
| buy | bought | bought |
| wear | wore | worn |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| sing | sang | sung |
| swim | swam | swum |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| wake | woke | woken |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| teach | taught | taught |
| catch | caught | caught |
| fight | fought | fought |
| throw | threw | thrown |
| fly | flew | flown |
| blow | blew | blown |
| show | showed | shown |
| I | II | III |
|---|---|---|
| shut | shut | shut |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| beat | beat | beaten |
| bite | bit | bitten |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hit | hit | hit |
| lay | laid | laid |
| lend | lent | lent |
| light | lit | lit |
| shake | shook | shaken |
| shine | shone | shone |
| shoot | shot | shot |
| sink | sank | sunk |
| slide | slid | slid |
| smell | smelt | smelt |
| spill | spilt | spilt |
| split | split | split |
| spread | spread | spread |
| steal | stole | stolen |
| stick | stuck | stuck |
| sting | stung | stung |
| strike | struck | struck |
| swear | swore | sworn |
| sweep | swept | swept |
| swing | swung | swung |
| tear | tore | torn |
| win | won | won |
| wind | wound | wound |
| sell | sold | sold |
| seek | sought | sought |
| feed | fed | fed |
| fit | fit | fit |
| hang | hung | hung |
A – przed słowem zaczynającym się na spółgłoskę:
a book, a car, a university /juː/ (choć „u")
AN – przed słowem zaczynającym się na samogłoskę:
an apple, an hour („h" nieme), an MBA
Kiedy używamy a/an:
Używamy gdy:
NIE używamy the gdy:
| Sytuacja | Zasada |
|---|---|
| go to bed / go to the bed | iść spać / podejść do łóżka (konkretnego) |
| go to school / go to the school | uczyć się / iść do budynku |
| at home / at the home | w domu / w domu opieki |
| a few / few | kilka / mało (negatywne) |
| in the morning / at night | rano / w nocy |
| Zasada | Przykład |
|---|---|
| Zwykle dodaj -ing | work → working |
| Kończy się na -e → usuń -e | write → writing |
| 1 sylaba, CVC → podwój ostatnią | run → running, sit → sitting |
| Kończy się na -ie → zmień na -y | lie → lying, die → dying |
| Akcent na ostatnią sylabę → podwój | begin → beginning |
| -y → zostaw | play → playing |
| Zasada | Przykład |
|---|---|
| Zwykle dodaj -ed | work → worked |
| Kończy się na -e → dodaj -d | like → liked |
| Spółgłoska + y → zmień na -ied | study → studied |
| Samogłoska + y → dodaj -ed | play → played |
| 1 sylaba, CVC → podwój | stop → stopped |
| Zasada | Przykład |
|---|---|
| Zwykle -s | book → books |
| -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x → -es | box → boxes, watch → watches |
| Spółgłoska + y → -ies | city → cities |
| Samogłoska + y → -s | boy → boys |
| -f / -fe → -ves | knife → knives, leaf → leaves |
| -o → -es (część) | potato → potatoes, tomato → tomatoes |
Nieregularne:
man → men, woman → women, child → children, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, mouse → mice, person → people
Present Simple, on/ona/ono (he/she/it):
| Zasada | Przykład |
|---|---|
| Zwykle -s | work → works |
| -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z, -o → -es | go → goes, watch → watches |
| Spółgłoska + y → -ies | study → studies |
| Samogłoska + y → -s | play → plays |
| have → has | She has a car. |
| be → is | He is happy. |
| Zasada | Przykład |
|---|---|
| 1 sylaba → -er / -est | tall → taller → the tallest |
| Kończy się na -e → -r / -st | nice → nicer → the nicest |
| Spółgłoska + y → -ier / -iest | happy → happier → the happiest |
| 1 sylaba, CVC → podwój | big → bigger → the biggest |
| 2+ sylaby → more / the most | beautiful → more beautiful → the most beautiful |
| Liczba | EN | Liczba | EN |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | one | 11 | eleven |
| 2 | two | 12 | twelve |
| 3 | three | 13 | thirteen |
| 4 | four | 14 | fourteen |
| 5 | five | 15 | fifteen |
| 6 | six | 16 | sixteen |
| 7 | seven | 17 | seventeen |
| 8 | eight | 18 | eighteen |
| 9 | nine | 19 | nineteen |
| 10 | ten | 20 | twenty |
Dziesiątki:
30 thirty · 40 forty · 50 fifty · 60 sixty · 70 seventy · 80 eighty · 90 ninety · 100 one hundred
21–99: twenty-one, thirty-five, ninety-nine
| Liczba | EN |
|---|---|
| 1st | first |
| 2nd | second |
| 3rd | third |
| 4th | fourth |
| 5th | fifth |
| 6th–9th | sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth |
| 10th | tenth |
| 11th | eleventh |
| 12th | twelfth |
| 13th–19th | -th (thirteenth…) |
| 20th | twentieth |
| 21st | twenty-first |
| 30th | thirtieth |
Pełne godziny:
3:00 – three o'clock
Połówki:
3:30 – half past three
Kwadranse:
3:15 – quarter past three
3:45 – quarter to four
Inne:
3:10 – ten past three
3:50 – ten to four
AM / PM: 9 AM, 5 PM
Pytanie: What time is it?
Zapis brytyjski: 5 May 2025 → "the fifth of May"
Zapis amerykański: May 5, 2025 → "May fifth"
Pytanie:
What's the date today?
Rok:
2025 → twenty twenty-five
1998 → nineteen ninety-eight
1900 → nineteen hundred
2000 → two thousand
+ plus · − minus
× times · ÷ divided by
= equals / is
2 + 3 = 5 → two plus three is five
Ułamek: ½ a half, ⅓ a third, ¼ a quarter
Procent: 50% – fifty percent
| IN | ON | AT |
|---|---|---|
| miesiące: in May lata: in 2025 pory roku: in summer pory dnia: in the morning okresy: in 2 hours |
dni: on Monday daty: on 5th May dni + część dnia: on Monday morning |
godziny: at 5 o'clock noce: at night weekend (GB): at the weekend święta: at Christmas |
Brak przyimka: next week, last year, this month, tomorrow, yesterday, today
| IN | ON | AT |
|---|---|---|
| zamknięte przestrzenie: in a box, in a room kraje, miasta: in Poland, in Warsaw woda: in the sea |
powierzchnie: on the table, on the wall transport: on a bus, on a train piętra: on the first floor |
konkretne miejsca: at the door, at the bus stop budynki (ogólnie): at school, at home, at work |
| Przyimek | Znaczenie | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| under | pod | under the table |
| over | nad | over the bridge |
| above | ponad | above the clouds |
| below | poniżej | below zero |
| between | między (2) | between us |
| among | wśród (wiele) | among friends |
| behind | za | behind the house |
| in front of | przed | in front of the shop |
| next to / beside | obok | next to me |
| near | blisko | near the park |
| opposite | naprzeciwko | opposite the bank |
| through | przez (środek) | through the tunnel |
| across | przez (na drugą stronę) | across the street |
| along | wzdłuż | along the river |
| Angielski | Polski |
|---|---|
| depend on | zależeć od |
| wait for | czekać na |
| listen to | słuchać (kogoś/czegoś) |
| look at | patrzeć na |
| look for | szukać |
| look after | opiekować się |
| belong to | należeć do |
| consist of | składać się z |
| ask for | prosić o |
| apologise for | przepraszać za |
| succeed in | odnieść sukces w |
| complain about | skarżyć się na |
| think about / of | myśleć o |
| agree with | zgadzać się z |
| red | czerwony |
| blue | niebieski |
| green | zielony |
| yellow | żółty |
| black | czarny |
| white | biały |
| orange | pomarańczowy |
| purple | fioletowy |
| pink | różowy |
| brown | brązowy |
| grey / gray | szary |
| Monday | poniedziałek |
| Tuesday | wtorek |
| Wednesday | środa |
| Thursday | czwartek |
| Friday | piątek |
| Saturday | sobota |
| Sunday | niedziela |
Uwaga: dni piszemy wielką literą!
| January | styczeń |
| February | luty |
| March | marzec |
| April | kwiecień |
| May | maj |
| June | czerwiec |
| July | lipiec |
| August | sierpień |
| September | wrzesień |
| October | październik |
| November | listopad |
| December | grudzień |
| mother | matka |
| father | ojciec |
| parents | rodzice |
| son / daughter | syn / córka |
| brother / sister | brat / siostra |
| grandmother | babcia |
| grandfather | dziadek |
| aunt / uncle | ciocia / wujek |
| cousin | kuzyn/ka |
| wife / husband | żona / mąż |
| sunny | słonecznie |
| rainy | deszczowo |
| cloudy | pochmurnie |
| windy | wietrznie |
| snowy | śnieżnie |
| foggy | mgliście |
| warm | ciepło |
| cold | zimno |
| hot | gorąco |
| It's raining. | Pada deszcz. |
| happy | szczęśliwy |
| sad | smutny |
| angry | zły |
| tired | zmęczony |
| excited | podekscytowany |
| scared | przestraszony |
| surprised | zaskoczony |
| bored | znudzony |
| nervous | zdenerwowany |
| proud | dumny |
| Kraj | Narodowość |
|---|---|
| Poland | Polish |
| England | English |
| Germany | German |
| France | French |
| Spain | Spanish |
| Italy | Italian |
| the USA | American |
| China | Chinese |
| head | głowa |
| hand / arm | ręka |
| leg / foot | noga / stopa |
| eye / ear | oko / ucho |
| heart | serce |
| stomach | brzuch |
| I have a headache. | Boli mnie głowa. |
| I don't feel well. | Źle się czuję. |
| bread | chleb |
| meat | mięso |
| fish | ryba |
| vegetables | warzywa |
| fruit | owoce |
| water | woda |
| coffee / tea | kawa / herbata |
| juice | sok |
| milk | mleko |
| Hello / Hi | Cześć |
| Good morning | Dzień dobry (rano) |
| Good afternoon | Dzień dobry (po południu) |
| Good evening | Dobry wieczór |
| Goodbye / Bye | Do widzenia / Cześć |
| Good night | Dobranoc |
| Please | Proszę |
| Thank you / Thanks | Dziękuję |
| Sorry | Przepraszam |
| Excuse me | Przepraszam (zagajenie) |
| You're welcome | Nie ma za co |
| How are you? | Jak się masz? |
| Nice to meet you | Miło mi |
| See you later | Do zobaczenia |
| Have a nice day! | Miłego dnia! |
| Cheers! (GB) | Na zdrowie! / Dzięki! |
„Jest / są" – gdy mówimy o istnieniu czegoś.
There is a book on the table. (l.poj.)
There are two books on the table. (l.mn.)
Przeczenie:
There isn't a book. / There aren't any books.
Pytanie:
Is there a book? / Are there any books?
Przeszłość:
There was a book. / There were two books.
„Mam, masz, ma" – brytyjskie, potoczne. W amer. „have/has".
I have got a car. (Mam samochód)
She has got a cat. (Ona ma kota)
Przeczenie:
I haven't got a car.
She hasn't got a cat.
Pytanie:
Have you got a car? / Has she got a cat?
TOO + przymiotnik = zbyt:
It's too hot. (Za gorąco)
He's too young. (Za młody)
przymiotnik + ENOUGH = wystarczająco:
He's old enough. (Dość dorosły)
It's warm enough. (Dość ciepło)
ENOUGH + rzeczownik:
I have enough money. (Mam dość pieniędzy)
SO + przymiotnik/przysłówek:
It's so hot! (Tak gorąco!)
She speaks so fast. (Mówi tak szybko)
SUCH + rzeczownik:
It's such a hot day! (Taki gorący dzień!)
They're such nice people. (Tacy mili ludzie)
Dawne zwyczaje, które już nie trwają.
I used to play football. (Kiedyś grałem)
She used to live in London.
Przeczenie:
I didn't use to like coffee.
Pytanie:
Did you use to play?
Zamiar, plan:
I am going to study tonight.
She is going to buy a car.
Przewidywanie na podstawie oznak:
Look at the clouds! It's going to rain.
Zaczynają się od operatora:
| Czas | Pytanie |
|---|---|
| Present Simple | Do you work? |
| Present Cont. | Are you working? |
| Past Simple | Did you work? |
| Past Cont. | Were you working? |
| Present Perfect | Have you worked? |
| Future | Will you work? |
| Modal | Can you help? |
Zaczynają się od słowa pytającego:
| What | co / jaki |
| Where | gdzie |
| When | kiedy |
| Why | dlaczego |
| Who | kto |
| Whose | czyj |
| Which | który |
| How | jak |
| How much / many | ile |
| How long | jak długo |
| How often | jak często |
Budowa: Wh- + operator + podmiot + czasownik?
Where do you live?
What are you doing?
Krótkie pytania na końcu zdania.
Zasada: twierdzenie → przeczenie, przeczenie → twierdzenie.
| You're Polish, aren't you? |
| She works here, doesn't she? |
| He can swim, can't he? |
| They went home, didn't they? |
| You don't smoke, do you? |
| She isn't late, is she? |
| Let's go, shall we? |
Uprzejme pytania – bez inwersji, jak w zdaniu twierdzącym.
Bezpośrednie: Where is the station?
Pośrednie: Could you tell me where the station is?
Przykłady:
Do you know what time it is?
Can you tell me how to get there?
I wonder if she's coming.
I don't know where he lives.
What – ogólnie: What is this? (Co to jest?)
Which – wybór: Which one? (Który z nich?)
Who – podmiot: Who called? (Kto dzwonił?)
Whom – dopełnienie (formalne): Whom did you see?
How + przymiotnik: How old? How tall? How big?
How far – jak daleko
| A table for two, please. | Stolik dla dwóch, proszę. |
| Can I see the menu? | Czy mogę zobaczyć menu? |
| I'd like… | Chciałbym… |
| What do you recommend? | Co pan/pani poleca? |
| Is this dish spicy? | Czy to danie jest ostre? |
| The bill, please. | Rachunek poproszę. |
| Can I pay by card? | Mogę zapłacić kartą? |
| Keep the change. | Resztę proszę zatrzymać. |
| How much is it? | Ile to kosztuje? |
| How much does it cost? | Ile kosztuje? |
| Do you have this in a different size? | Czy jest w innym rozmiarze? |
| Can I try it on? | Mogę to przymierzyć? |
| I'm just looking, thanks. | Tylko oglądam, dziękuję. |
| I'll take it. | Biorę to. |
| Do you take card? | Przyjmujecie karty? |
| Can I have a receipt? | Czy mogę dostać paragon? |
| I don't feel well. | Źle się czuję. |
| I have a headache. | Boli mnie głowa. |
| I have a sore throat. | Boli mnie gardło. |
| I have a fever. | Mam gorączkę. |
| I've got a cold. | Jestem przeziębiony. |
| I need a doctor. | Potrzebuję lekarza. |
| Where does it hurt? | Co boli? |
| Take this medicine. | Proszę wziąć to lekarstwo. |
| Where is the check-in? | Gdzie jest odprawa? |
| Where is gate 5? | Gdzie jest bramka 5? |
| My flight is delayed. | Mój lot jest opóźniony. |
| A ticket to London, please. | Bilet do Londynu, proszę. |
| One way / return | W jedną stronę / powrotny |
| What time does it leave? | O której odjeżdża? |
| Where is the luggage? | Gdzie jest bagaż? |
| I lost my passport. | Zgubiłem paszport. |
| Excuse me, where is…? | Przepraszam, gdzie jest…? |
| How do I get to…? | Jak dostać się do…? |
| Is it far? | Czy to daleko? |
| Go straight on. | Idź prosto. |
| Turn left / right. | Skręć w lewo / prawo. |
| Take the first turning. | Pierwszy zjazd. |
| It's on the corner. | To na rogu. |
| It's about 5 minutes on foot. | Około 5 minut pieszo. |
| Hello, can I speak to…? | Halo, czy mogę rozmawiać z…? |
| Who's calling? | Kto dzwoni? |
| Hold on, please. | Proszę czekać. |
| I'll call you back. | Oddzwonię. |
| Sorry, wrong number. | Przepraszam, pomyłka. |
| Can I leave a message? | Czy mogę zostawić wiadomość? |
| a piece of cake | bułka z masłem |
| break the ice | przełamać lody |
| hit the books | wziąć się do nauki |
| under the weather | w słabszej formie |
| once in a blue moon | raz na ruski rok |
| the ball is in your court | twoja kolej / twój ruch |
| bite the bullet | zacisnąć zęby |
| cut corners | iść na skróty |
| cut to the chase | przejść do rzeczy |
| on the same page | zgodni |
| call it a day | skończyć na dziś |
| hit the sack | iść spać |
| pull someone's leg | nabierać kogoś |
| let the cat out of the bag | wygadać się |
| put off | odkładać |
| bring up | wychować / poruszyć |
| carry out | przeprowadzać |
| come up with | wymyślić |
| look forward to | nie móc się doczekać |
| look up to | podziwiać |
| look down on | patrzeć z góry |
| get away with | ujść na sucho |
| get on with | dogadywać się |
| give in | ustąpić |
| put up with | znosić |
| make up for | wynagrodzić |
| take up | zacząć (hobby) |
| turn out | okazać się |
| However | jednakże |
| Nevertheless | niemniej jednak |
| Therefore | dlatego |
| Moreover | co więcej |
| Furthermore | ponadto |
| Despite / In spite of | mimo że |
| Although / Even though | chociaż |
| Whereas / While | podczas gdy |
| As a result | w rezultacie |
| On the other hand | z drugiej strony |
Wstęp:
It is often argued that… / Nowadays, it is widely believed that…
Argument za:
One of the main advantages is… / Proponents claim that…
Argument przeciw:
On the other hand… / Critics argue that… / Nevertheless…
Opinia:
In my view… / From my perspective… / I would argue that…
Wniosek:
All things considered… / Taking everything into account…